By Dr Pragati Bharati, Fertility Specialist, Birla Fertility & IVF, Varanasi
Many men assume that being physically healthy, having a normal sex drive and experiencing no difficulties during intercourse are signs of good reproductive health. However, male fertility is not always reflected in how a man feels. Changes in sperm count, motility (movement) and morphology (shape) can occur gradually, often without any noticeable symptoms.
As a fertility specialist, I frequently emphasise that the absence of symptoms does not necessarily indicate normal sperm health. Male fertility is influenced by several factors, including age, lifestyle and underlying medical conditions.
Although men continue producing sperm throughout adulthood, advancing age can affect sperm quality and DNA integrity. However, these changes vary considerably between individuals, and age alone cannot determine a man's ability to conceive.
Other factors may also contribute to declining fertility. Hormonal imbalances can interfere with sperm production, while conditions such as varicocele, which involves enlarged veins around the testicle, may affect testicular function.
How Can Fertility Problems Be Identified?
In many cases, fertility concerns become apparent only when a couple has trouble conceiving. A semen analysis is generally the first investigation recommended to assess sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Since sperm parameters can fluctuate, repeat testing may sometimes be necessary.
Depending on the findings, further evaluation may include hormonal investigations and a physical examination to identify conditions such as varicocele.
When should a man seek help?
Men should seek fertility advice after 12 months of unsuccessful attempts to conceive, or six months if their female partner is 35 or older. Earlier evaluations are advisable if there are known reproductive concerns.
Male fertility concerns may not always have visible symptoms, making timely evaluation essential for identifying potential problems and guiding appropriate care.
